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\section{Context of this Thesis}
\ac{cps} integrate computation and physical components as an engineered system.
Automobiles, robots, medical devices and even the smart grid are examples of \ac{cps}.
The complexity of systems has gone from a embedded system that improved the fuel consumption of a car engine to a fully self-driving vehicle.
One of the most interesting and complex \ac{cps} today, is the autonomous landing rocket build by SpaceX.
A problem is that the increasing complexity causes increasing development cost and decreasing reliability.
Within the research topics, that focus on \ac{cps}, lies the development of new design methods that deal with this complexity problem.
The complexity of \ac{cps} has gone from an embedded system that improved the fuel consumption of a car engine to a fully self-driving vehicle.
Although the complexity opens up more design possibilities, improved efficiency and safety, it has downsides.
The problem with the increasing complexity is the resulting increased developing cost and the decreasing reliability.
Within the research topics that focus on \ac{cps}, lies the development of new design methods that deal with this complexity problem.
The \emph{design method} by \textcite{broenink_rapid_2019} is one of these new design methods and focusses on the rapid development of embedded control software.
One of these design methods is posed by \textcite{broenink_rapid_2019}, which focusses on the rapid development of embedded control software.
Their main design technique is to split the development into individual steps, which can be implemented and tested separately.
The testing makes it possible to receive feedback on a short interval, thus improving the quality.
As part of the research by Broenink and Broenink, they performed a small case study.
In this case study they designed a controller in software for a physical off-the-shelf system.
However, developing \ac{cps} incorporates both the computational software side, as well as the development of the physical dynamic side, but the latter is not covered by Broenink and Broenink.
The rapid development is a design technique that splits the development into small individual steps, which can be implemented and tested separately.
Testing each individual step creates feedback on a short interval, with the goal to detect errors made during the development as early as possible.
As part of the research, Broenink and Broenink performed a small case study.
In this case study, they have designed a controller, and implemented the controller in software for a physical off-the-shelf system.
However, developing \ac{cps} incorporates both the computational software side, as well as the development of the physical dynamic side, although the latter is not covered by Broenink and Broenink.
For this design method to be suitable for a complete design of \ac{cps} it has to be applicable to the physical part as well.
%%In this thesis, the proposed design method is applied and evaluated in the context of the physical part of a \ac{cps}.
%%This is done in a case study, where a \ac{cps} is designed from scratch.
\section{Research Objective}
To ensure that the proposed design method is a competent approach for developing the different aspects of \ac{cps}, the design method has to be applied and evaluated in the context of the physical part of a \ac{cps}.
Directly from the start of this research it was clear that a direct copy of the design method is not possible.
It is necessary to analyse which design techniques cannot be used and thus how to replace or improve them.
\textcite{broenink_rapid_2019} present a case study for software in their paper and state that "this [case study] does not mean that the same techniques cannot be applied to the physical part of the system."
In this thesis, I will research whether this design method applies to the physical part of a \ac{cps}, to come to a design method that can be applied on both the physical and cyber (software) part of a \ac{cps}.
From the start of this research, it was clear that a direct copy of the design method is not possible.
It is therefore necessary to analyse which design techniques cannot be used and thus how to replace or improve them.
The research is summarized in the following two research questions:
\begin{itemize}
\item Which design techniques of the design method by \textcite{broenink_rapid_2019} can be applied in developing the physical part of \ac{cps}?
\item Which adaptations are required to make the design method by \textcite{broenink_rapid_2019} such that it is suitable for developing the computation and physical part of \ac{cps}?
\item Which design techniques of the design method by \textcite{broenink_rapid_2019} can be applied developing the physical part of \ac{cps}?
\item Which adaptations are required to make the design method by \textcite{broenink_rapid_2019} suitable for developing the computation and physical part of \ac{cps}?
\end{itemize}

\section{Approach}
This research revolves around performing a development process according to the design method in the form of a case study.
Within this thesis, the design method by \textcite{broenink_rapid_2019} is evaluated in a case study.
The case study performs a development process according to the design method and will evaluate the result.
However, there are a couple of steps required prior to the start of the case study (see \autoref{fig:approach}).
The first step is to produce a concrete \emph{design plan} based on the design method.
The concrete design plan improves the evaluation of the design techniques.
The design method is presented in an abstract form which leaves room for interpretation.
This uncertainty hampers the evaluation process, because it is impossible to point out flaws in something that was not specific in the first place.
Therefore, the design method is assessed and detail is added to get a concrete design plan.
However, the design method focusses on the rapid development principles and modelling techniques, and does not cover the design steps outside of that focus.
This hampers the evaluation process, because it is impossible to point out flaws in something that was not specific in the first place.
Therefore, I will assess the design method and add detail to get a concrete design plan.
Because the design method focusses on the rapid development principles and modelling techniques, it does not cover the design steps outside of that focus.
These steps, like problem definition and system specifications, are a crucial part of the design process and are added to create the concrete design plan.
The added steps are based on the steps in a \ac{se} approach.
\begin{figure}
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\label{fig:approach}
\end{figure}

With a design plan to use in the case study there are two steps left.
With one step being an evaluation plan to ensure complete and consistent feedback during the case study.
The design plan consists of multiple design steps that are performed in succession.
With a design plan to use in the case study there are two steps of preparation left.
The first step is to develop an evaluation plan to ensure complete and consistent feedback during the case study.
The evaluation plan consists of a list of questions that have to be evaluated for each design step.
There are specific questions that evaluate the definition, or the execution of the design step.
The other step is to provide the \emph{subject of design} to develop in the case study.
@@ -67,7 +67,8 @@

\section{Notes on Terminology}
Design method is a commonly-used notion throughout the different papers and research used in this thesis.
To ensure distinct terminology throughout this thesis, the term 'design method' is used to refer to the design method by \textcite{broenink_rapid_2019}.
\textcite{broenink_rapid_2019} refer to their design method as 'the methodology', which is to generic for this thesis.
To ensure distinct terminology throughout this thesis, their methodology is named \acl{ridm} and is abbreviated as \acs{ridm}.
The more concrete version of the design method that is tested in the case study, will be referred to as the 'design plan'.
The object or system that is going to be designed during the case study is referred as 'subject of design'.



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